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1. Farmyard fertilizer
The correct use of fertilizer is one of the key links in the production of pollution-free fruit, which should cause us to pay enough attention. The National Agricultural Industry Standards recently promulgated by the Ministry of Agriculture have also clearly defined the guidelines for the use of fertilizers for the production of green foods (fruits). The principle of fertilization is to use organic fertilizers as the mainstay, supplemented by chemical fertilizers, to maintain or increase soil fertility and soil. Microbial activity, while the fertilizer used should not adversely affect the orchard environment and fruit quality. We combine the implementation of standards and the demand for fertilizers in fruit production to illustrate the use of fruit trees and their use.
First, the type of fertilizer
(1) Types of fertilizers allowed to be used
Farmyard manure refers to various organic fertilizers that are used locally and used locally. It is made up of a large amount of biological substances, animal and plant residues, excreta and biological waste. It is rich in organic matter and humus and various macro and micro elements required for fruit trees. It also contains hormones, vitamins and antibiotics. . It is characterized by wide source, great potential, complete nutrient, long and stable fertilizer efficiency, and is a late-acting fertilizer; farmyard fertilizer can improve soil and improve soil fertility after being applied, which is the main fertilizer for orchard. It mainly includes compost, manure, manure, biogas fertilizer, green manure, crop straw fertilizer, mud fertilizer and cake fertilizer.
(1) Composting: Composting is the use of crop straw, weeds, fallen leaves, garbage and other organic wastes as the main raw materials, and then with a certain amount of excrement, sewage and a small amount of soil to be formed by aerobic microorganisms. fertilizer. The heaping process is a process in which microorganisms decompose organic matter, so conditions suitable for microbial activity must be created. Composting is carried out in the hot season, and the fertilizer should maintain sufficient moisture to control the moisture to be 65% to 75% of the wet weight. In order to facilitate microbial activities, also pay attention to the ventilation of the heap. After being decomposed, it is used as a base fertilizer.
(2) Manure: The materials used are basically the same as those of compost, but only one type of organic fertilizer that is fermented by microbial tempering under flooding conditions.
(3) Manure: It is also called manure. It is a fertilizer that has been made by using the excrement in the livestock circle and the weeds, fallen leaves, and soil charcoal. The ring fertilizer contains three elements of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, and the potassium content is high, which can be directly absorbed and utilized by fruit trees.
(4) Biogas fertilizer: In the sealed biogas tank, the by-products of biogas produced by microbial fermentation under organic gas conditions are mainly composed of biogas water fertilizer and biogas slag fertilizer.
(5) Crop straw fertilizer: fertilizer that directly returns to the field, such as wheat straw, straw, corn stover, bean straw, and rape straw.
(6) Mud: It is a fertilizer that is decomposed by anaerobic microorganisms such as uncontaminated river mud, pond mud, ditch mud, port mud, and lake mud.
(7) Cake fertilizer: Fertilizer made from various residues containing oil with a large amount of oil, such as rapeseed cake, cottonseed cake, bean cake, peanut cake and sesame cake.
(8) Green manure: Green manure is also one of the sources of orchard base fertilizer, with higher fertilizer efficiency. There are two main ways to use it. After the green bud plant bud period to the initial flowering period, the material is crushed to about 10 cm. Spread evenly on the field and dry it for a long time, then you can turn into the soil. Generally, it is suitable to turn over 1000 kg to 1500 kg per mu. If there is a watering condition, the orchard will be poured into the water for 1 day to 2 days, which is beneficial to the green manure. When the water is poured, it will be ripe after the rainy season. 2 concentrated into the tree. That is, digging a groove of 60 cm deep, 60 cm wide and 150 cm long along the outer edge of the canopy, cutting off the green manure, and after drying, smash it into about 10 cm, 50 kg to 70 kg per pit, and mix the green manure with the soil. Fill in the pit, fill in with the actual, fill the water after application. New roots can begin to appear in the fat pit about 20 days after fertilization. The green manure plants commonly used in orchards mainly include Amorpha fruticosa, Trichosanthes, Clover, Rhododendron, Tianjing, Sha Dawang and Mung bean.
(9) Human and animal excrement: It is a mixture of human and animal feces and urine, rich in organic matter and various nutrients. Among them, manure has a high nitrogen content, and livestock manure contains more nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Nitrogen in human excrement is extremely volatile and should be collected and stored. The most common method of accumulation is to make compost with dirt, garbage, weeds, etc. The proportion of the heap is generally based on the principle of being able to fully absorb the effluent and effluent juice, and generally can be mixed with soil or garbage of 3 times to 4 times the amount of manure and urine. Adding 3% to 5% of superphosphate in excreta reduces nitrogen loss and improves phosphorus availability.
(10) Grass ash: It is the residue after burning of crop stalks and firewood. Organic matter and nitrogen have all been burned in the combustion process, so they contain no organic matter and nitrogen, and contain elements such as phosphorus, potassium and calcium. Most of the potassium contained in it is water-soluble and can be directly absorbed and utilized by fruit trees. Grass ash should be accumulated, pay attention to moisture and waterproof, so as not to lose fat. The grass ash should not be mixed with the fertilized manure, human excrement or ammonium sulfate and other acidic fertilizers (can be combined). In addition to the saline and alkali fields, the general soil can be applied, which can be used as base fertilizer or top dressing.
2. Commercial fertilizer
Commodity fertilizer refers to fertilizer that is regulated by national fertilizer department and sold as commodities according to national regulations. Including commercial organic fertilizer, humic acid fertilizer, microbial fertilizer, organic compound fertilizer, inorganic (mineral) fertilizer and foliar fertilizer.
(1) Commercial organic fertilizer: Commercial fertilizer produced by processing a large number of animal and plant residues, excreta and other biological wastes.
(2) Humic acid fertilizers: Fertilizers containing plant nutrients are processed by processing peat (pict charcoal), lignite, and weathered coal containing humic acids.
(3) Microbial fertilizer: A living microbial preparation produced by culturing a specific microbial strain. According to the difference of microbial fertilizers to improve the nutrient elements of plants, they can be divided into five categories: rhizobial fertilizer, nitrogen-fixing fertilizer, phosphorus bacterial fertilizer, silicate bacterial fertilizer, and compound microbial fertilizer.
(4) Organic compound fertilizer: a fertilizer made by adding a proper amount of micronutrients to livestock and poultry manure and other biological wastes after harmless treatment.
(5) Inorganic (mineral) materials: Minerals are produced by physical or chemical industry, and the nutrients are in the form of inorganic salts, including mineral potassium fertilizer and potassium sulfate, mineral phosphate fertilizer (mineral phosphorus powder), calcined phosphate (calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, Defluorinated phosphate fertilizer), lime, gypsum, sulfur, etc.
(6) Foliar fertilizer: a fertilizer applied to the leaves of plants and absorbed by them. Foliar fertilizers must not contain chemically synthesized growth regulators, including foliar fertilizers containing trace elements and leaves containing plant growth auxiliary substances. Surface fertilizer, etc.
(7) Organic and inorganic fertilizer (semi-organic fertilizer): a fertilizer obtained by mechanical mixing or chemical reaction between organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer.
(8) Blending fertilizer: In the organic fertilizer, microbial fertilizer, inorganic (mineral) fertilizer, humic acid fertilizer, a certain proportion of fertilizer (except nitrate nitrogen fertilizer) is added, and the fertilizer is mixed by mechanical mixing.
3. Other fertilizer
Refers to foods that do not contain toxic substances, organic by-products of the textile industry, and organic fertilizers such as bone meal, bone glue residue, amino acid residues, poultry and livestock processing waste, sugar factory waste, etc., which are approved for use by the agricultural sector.
(2) Fertilizers that are prohibited from use
1. Municipal waste or garbage containing metals, rubber and hazardous substances that have not been harmlessly treated.
2. Nitrate nitrogen fertilizer and unfertilized human excrement.
3. Fertilizer products that are not approved for registration.
Second, the fertilization method
(1) Early application of multiple base fertilizer
At present, most orchards have less than 1% organic matter, and some orchards are even below 0.5%, which is far from the requirements of high-quality and high-yield gardens. Therefore, it is necessary to increase the amount of base fertilizer. If the dual needs of tree growth and soil improvement are taken into consideration, the application rate of organic fertilizer should be based on the standard of two to three pounds of fertilizer. Therefore, a medium-sized orchard with a yield of 1,500 kg per mu, the amount of organic fertilizer should not be less than 3,000 kg. The optimum period for applying the base fertilizer is autumn (1 month before the leaves), followed by the leaves until the freezing, and before the spring is thawed to the time of germination. The autumn base fertilizer can have sufficient time to fertilize and make the roots heal and send new roots. Therefore, it is the peak growth period of the roots. The roots have strong absorption capacity. After absorption, the storage nutrients of the trees can be improved, and the flower buds can be promoted. The development is enriched. The higher nutrient storage of the tree and the timely supply of nutrients in the early spring soil can meet the needs of spring germination, flowering and fruiting and new shoot growth. After defoliation and spring application of base fertilizer, the effect of fertilizer effect is late, and the effect on the growth and development of fruit trees in early spring is very small. When the fertilizer is widely absorbed and utilized, it often reaches the prosperous period of new shoots. In the orchard with dry and no water pouring conditions in the mountainous area, the base fertilizer cannot be immediately watered after application of the base fertilizer, so the base fertilizer can also be applied in the rainy season. But the organic fertilizer must be a fully decomposed sperm, the rate of fertilization should be fast, and pay attention not to damage the roots. When the organic fertilizer source is insufficient, on the one hand, straw weeds can be used as a supplement and organic fertilizer. On the other hand, the limited organic fertilizer should follow the principle of ensuring local and ensuring the concentrated distribution of roots. To give full play to the fertilizer effect of organic fertilizer. Concentrated hole application is to dig a depth of 50 cm from the edge of the canopy and a diameter of 30 cm to 40 cm. The number depends on the amount of fertilizer, and then mix the organic fertilizer with the soil 1:3 or add some straw. Fill in the hole and re-water. In addition, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, even zinc fertilizers and iron fertilizers, can be mixed with organic fertilizers to increase their utilization.
(2) Reasonable topdressing
1. Appropriate topdressing of nitrogen fertilizer: Nitrogen is the basis of fruit tree growth and results. Increasing nitrogen application within a certain limit can significantly improve the photosynthetic performance of leaves and increase tree potential and yield. However, exceeding the limit is likely to cause branches and leaves to grow, it is difficult to form flowers, and the quality of the fruit is reduced. Moreover, after a large amount of nitrogen application (usually after the fertilizer is filled with large water), the absorption capacity of the root system is limited, and the excess nutrients will be leached and lost, resulting in great waste of fertilizer, and even a large amount of application will cause fat damage. Therefore, while emphasizing the increased investment in the orchard, we must also consider the needs of the tree and the benefits of fertilization, and we must not blindly invest heavily. The appropriate amount of nitrogen fertilizer should be determined according to the fertility of the soil, the ability to retain fertilizer and the type of tree. Generally, the tree is 1 year to 2 years, and each plant can be used to recover 50 grams to 100 grams of urea, and 3 to 4 years of trees 150.克～200g, the tree that enters the result period after 5 years to 6 years, because it is now mostly densely planted with small crowns, more than 50 acres are planted, and the density varies greatly, so the size and load of individual trees The amount of fertilizer should not be calculated by a single plant. Generally, the fertilizer should not exceed 15 kg of urea per acre, and the amount of urea per acre per year is about 30 kg to 45 kg.
2. Nitrogen-recovering nitrogen: Under the condition of insufficient organic matter, the appropriate pick-up of nitrogen fertilizer can improve the photosynthetic performance of the leaves, thereby increasing the accumulation level of photosynthetic products in the tree and playing the role of “nitrogen-enriching carbonâ€. . The accumulation of photosynthetic products in turn promotes the growth of roots and enhances the absorption capacity of roots. The thin tree is thin and the flower buds are difficult to form, which are related to the carbon and nitrogen metabolism levels of the plants. Therefore, an appropriate increase in the amount of nitrogen fertilizer, nitrogen to increase carbon, nitrogen fertilizer open circuit is an effective measure to form a yield of thin orchard and strong trees. Different methods of nitrogen recovery in different soils are also different. In the spring, after 10 days to 15 days, the fertilizer starts to take effect. Generally, the summer is 5 days to 7 days, and the autumn is between the two. This is mainly related to the soil organic matter level and adsorption capacity. After 20 days of general topdressing (high temperature season), the fertilizer effect is not very significant. Low organic matter content, poor soil fertility, thin sand, nutrient leaching with water, the effective period of fertilizer is shorter, and soil denitrification is often caused during the rainy season from July to August. Therefore, the topdressing of the mountain sand should be applied in a small amount, so that the nutrient in the water can penetrate into the concentrated distribution layer of the root system. After the rainy season, a small amount of nitrogen fertilizer can be applied to compensate for the leaching loss. In soils with higher salinity, when the pH value is above 7.5, the available phosphorus content in the soil is generally low. The fruit trees are often difficult to form flowers due to the deficiency of phosphorus. Soil application or top dressing is indispensable for early fruit yield. The application of phosphate fertilizer in soil is easy to fix. Therefore, it is best to mix it with high-quality organic fertilizer rich in nutrients.
3. Because of the topdressing of the tree: After the roots of the fruit tree absorb nutrients, the nutrient distribution is limited by the nutrition center, that is, the nutrient is preferentially transported to the most metabolically active part, and further promotes the growth and development of this part. For example, when the new shoots are long, the fertilizers will enter the prosthetic parts of the new shoots, and further promote the prolongation. After the shoots are stopped, the central advantage of the prolonged parts is weakened or disappeared, and the difference in the nutrients entering the organs is reduced. The distribution is more balanced, and the weaker parts of the canopy (such as short branches) have a relatively larger auxiliary effect, which is conducive to the differentiation of buds. Therefore, the growth of the tree is different, the amount of flowers and fruits is different, and the purpose of fertilization is different. Therefore, the period of fertilization should not be the same, and the fertilization must be combined with the type of plant. Weakly growing trees, including “small old treesâ€, in order to strengthen the growth of branches and leaves, we should focus on the supply of nutrients when the new shoots are long, preferably before the germination, the early and long-term topdressing of the new shoots, the topdressing combined with irrigation, and promote new The shoot grows, making the weak branches stronger. Trees that grow vigorously and have little or no fruit, in order to alleviate the excessive growth of branches and leaves, promote the differentiation of shoots, should avoid the long-term, and after the new shoots stop long after the topdressing. Among them, the autumn shoots should be stopped for a long time (early August and early September), and the spring shoots should be stopped for a long time (upper and mid-June). When the spring shoots stop for a long time, when applying nitrogen fertilizer, pay attention to the water should not be too large, so as not to stimulate the early growth of the autumn shoots.
The type of fertilization should also be adjusted due to the tree structure. Practice has proved that nitrogen fertilizer helps the growth of branches and leaves, and weak nitrogen shoots use more nitrogen fertilizer. Phosphorus and potassium fertilizers have the effect of alleviating excessive growth, and it is advisable to increase the amount of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers and reduce the amount of nitrogen fertilizer. It is best to apply the top dressing to the tree tray, immediately slash it gently, mix the fertilizer, and then water it. When the tree is covered with grass, it can be applied directly to the grass and then washed down with water; or the corner of the grass can be sprinkled on the soil surface, then watered and washed, and then the grass can be covered.
(3) External fertilization
The topdressing of the roots of the fruit trees is to directly spray the fertilizer on the upper branches and leaves of the tree, which can make up for the lack of root absorption or as an emergency measure. The external spray fertilizer is not affected by factors such as the number of new roots and soil physical and chemical properties, and directly enters the branches and leaves, which is beneficial to change the nutrient status of the trees more quickly. Moreover, after topdressing, the distribution of nutrients is not restricted by the growth center, and the distribution is balanced, which is conducive to the relaxation of the tree and the promotion of the weak parts. In addition, the external top dressing is also commonly used for the correction of elemental deficiency factors such as zinc, iron, boron and the application of compound fertilizer. However, the external spray fertilizer can not replace the rhizosphere fertilizer. The two have their own characteristics and should complement each other.
After 10 to 15 days after root spray application, the response of the leaves to fertilizer elements is most obvious, and then gradually decreases, and disappears from the 25th to 30th days. Therefore, if you want to play a role in a critical period, during this period, Continuous spraying for 15 days. After harvesting in autumn, before defoliation and before germination in early spring, it is the two important periods of root-loading and spraying. Especially in the big year tree and early deciduous tree, due to the small number of new roots in autumn and early spring, the absorption of soil topdressing is limited. Therefore, spraying urea leaves in autumn can make up for the lack of storage nutrition and early spring root absorption. A series of growth and development in spring is very favorable, the flower organs are well developed, the fruit setting rate is high, and the short branches are thick and strong. In addition, the correction of elemental deficiency factors such as zinc and boron should also pay attention to the two key periods of autumn and early spring. The effect of these two stages of fertilizer correction is generally better than that of the growing season.
Source: Quality Fruit Information Network
The correct use of fertilizer is one of the key links in the production of pollution-free fruit, which should cause us to pay enough attention. The National Agricultural Industry Standards recently promulgated by the Ministry of Agriculture have also clearly defined the guidelines for the use of fertilizers for the production of green foods (fruits). The principle of fertilization is to use organic fertilizers as the mainstay, supplemented by chemical fertilizers, to maintain or increase soil fertility and soil. Microbial activity, while the fertilizer used should not adversely affect the orchard environment and fruit quality. We combine the implementation of standards and the demand for fertilizers in fruit production to illustrate the use of fruit trees and their use.
First, the type of fertilizer
(1) Types of fertilizers allowed to be used
Farmyard manure refers to various organic fertilizers that are used locally and used locally. It is made up of a large amount of biological substances, animal and plant residues, excreta and biological waste. It is rich in organic matter and humus and various macro and micro elements required for fruit trees. It also contains hormones, vitamins and antibiotics. . It is characterized by wide source, great potential, complete nutrient, long and stable fertilizer efficiency, and is a late-acting fertilizer; farmyard fertilizer can improve soil and improve soil fertility after being applied, which is the main fertilizer for orchard. It mainly includes compost, manure, manure, biogas fertilizer, green manure, crop straw fertilizer, mud fertilizer and cake fertilizer.
(1) Composting: Composting is the use of crop straw, weeds, fallen leaves, garbage and other organic wastes as the main raw materials, and then with a certain amount of excrement, sewage and a small amount of soil to be formed by aerobic microorganisms. fertilizer. The heaping process is a process in which microorganisms decompose organic matter, so conditions suitable for microbial activity must be created. Composting is carried out in the hot season, and the fertilizer should maintain sufficient moisture to control the moisture to be 65% to 75% of the wet weight. In order to facilitate microbial activities, also pay attention to the ventilation of the heap. After being decomposed, it is used as a base fertilizer.
(2) Manure: The materials used are basically the same as those of compost, but only one type of organic fertilizer that is fermented by microbial tempering under flooding conditions.
(3) Manure: It is also called manure. It is a fertilizer that has been made by using the excrement in the livestock circle and the weeds, fallen leaves, and soil charcoal. The ring fertilizer contains three elements of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, and the potassium content is high, which can be directly absorbed and utilized by fruit trees.
(4) Biogas fertilizer: In the sealed biogas tank, the by-products of biogas produced by microbial fermentation under organic gas conditions are mainly composed of biogas water fertilizer and biogas slag fertilizer.
(5) Crop straw fertilizer: fertilizer that directly returns to the field, such as wheat straw, straw, corn stover, bean straw, and rape straw.
(6) Mud: It is a fertilizer that is decomposed by anaerobic microorganisms such as uncontaminated river mud, pond mud, ditch mud, port mud, and lake mud.
(7) Cake fertilizer: Fertilizer made from various residues containing oil with a large amount of oil, such as rapeseed cake, cottonseed cake, bean cake, peanut cake and sesame cake.
(8) Green manure: Green manure is also one of the sources of orchard base fertilizer, with higher fertilizer efficiency. There are two main ways to use it. After the green bud plant bud period to the initial flowering period, the material is crushed to about 10 cm. Spread evenly on the field and dry it for a long time, then you can turn into the soil. Generally, it is suitable to turn over 1000 kg to 1500 kg per mu. If there is a watering condition, the orchard will be poured into the water for 1 day to 2 days, which is beneficial to the green manure. When the water is poured, it will be ripe after the rainy season. 2 concentrated into the tree. That is, digging a groove of 60 cm deep, 60 cm wide and 150 cm long along the outer edge of the canopy, cutting off the green manure, and after drying, smash it into about 10 cm, 50 kg to 70 kg per pit, and mix the green manure with the soil. Fill in the pit, fill in with the actual, fill the water after application. New roots can begin to appear in the fat pit about 20 days after fertilization. The green manure plants commonly used in orchards mainly include Amorpha fruticosa, Trichosanthes, Clover, Rhododendron, Tianjing, Sha Dawang and Mung bean.
(9) Human and animal excrement: It is a mixture of human and animal feces and urine, rich in organic matter and various nutrients. Among them, manure has a high nitrogen content, and livestock manure contains more nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Nitrogen in human excrement is extremely volatile and should be collected and stored. The most common method of accumulation is to make compost with dirt, garbage, weeds, etc. The proportion of the heap is generally based on the principle of being able to fully absorb the effluent and effluent juice, and generally can be mixed with soil or garbage of 3 times to 4 times the amount of manure and urine. Adding 3% to 5% of superphosphate in excreta reduces nitrogen loss and improves phosphorus availability.
(10) Grass ash: It is the residue after burning of crop stalks and firewood. Organic matter and nitrogen have all been burned in the combustion process, so they contain no organic matter and nitrogen, and contain elements such as phosphorus, potassium and calcium. Most of the potassium contained in it is water-soluble and can be directly absorbed and utilized by fruit trees. Grass ash should be accumulated, pay attention to moisture and waterproof, so as not to lose fat. The grass ash should not be mixed with the fertilized manure, human excrement or ammonium sulfate and other acidic fertilizers (can be combined). In addition to the saline and alkali fields, the general soil can be applied, which can be used as base fertilizer or top dressing.
2. Commercial fertilizer
Commodity fertilizer refers to fertilizer that is regulated by national fertilizer department and sold as commodities according to national regulations. Including commercial organic fertilizer, humic acid fertilizer, microbial fertilizer, organic compound fertilizer, inorganic (mineral) fertilizer and foliar fertilizer.
(1) Commercial organic fertilizer: Commercial fertilizer produced by processing a large number of animal and plant residues, excreta and other biological wastes.
(2) Humic acid fertilizers: Fertilizers containing plant nutrients are processed by processing peat (pict charcoal), lignite, and weathered coal containing humic acids.
(3) Microbial fertilizer: A living microbial preparation produced by culturing a specific microbial strain. According to the difference of microbial fertilizers to improve the nutrient elements of plants, they can be divided into five categories: rhizobial fertilizer, nitrogen-fixing fertilizer, phosphorus bacterial fertilizer, silicate bacterial fertilizer, and compound microbial fertilizer.
(4) Organic compound fertilizer: a fertilizer made by adding a proper amount of micronutrients to livestock and poultry manure and other biological wastes after harmless treatment.
(5) Inorganic (mineral) materials: Minerals are produced by physical or chemical industry, and the nutrients are in the form of inorganic salts, including mineral potassium fertilizer and potassium sulfate, mineral phosphate fertilizer (mineral phosphorus powder), calcined phosphate (calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, Defluorinated phosphate fertilizer), lime, gypsum, sulfur, etc.
(6) Foliar fertilizer: a fertilizer applied to the leaves of plants and absorbed by them. Foliar fertilizers must not contain chemically synthesized growth regulators, including foliar fertilizers containing trace elements and leaves containing plant growth auxiliary substances. Surface fertilizer, etc.
(7) Organic and inorganic fertilizer (semi-organic fertilizer): a fertilizer obtained by mechanical mixing or chemical reaction between organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer.
(8) Blending fertilizer: In the organic fertilizer, microbial fertilizer, inorganic (mineral) fertilizer, humic acid fertilizer, a certain proportion of fertilizer (except nitrate nitrogen fertilizer) is added, and the fertilizer is mixed by mechanical mixing.
3. Other fertilizer
Refers to foods that do not contain toxic substances, organic by-products of the textile industry, and organic fertilizers such as bone meal, bone glue residue, amino acid residues, poultry and livestock processing waste, sugar factory waste, etc., which are approved for use by the agricultural sector.
(2) Fertilizers that are prohibited from use
1. Municipal waste or garbage containing metals, rubber and hazardous substances that have not been harmlessly treated.
2. Nitrate nitrogen fertilizer and unfertilized human excrement.
3. Fertilizer products that are not approved for registration.
Second, the fertilization method
(1) Early application of multiple base fertilizer
At present, most orchards have less than 1% organic matter, and some orchards are even below 0.5%, which is far from the requirements of high-quality and high-yield gardens. Therefore, it is necessary to increase the amount of base fertilizer. If the dual needs of tree growth and soil improvement are taken into consideration, the application rate of organic fertilizer should be based on the standard of two to three pounds of fertilizer. Therefore, a medium-sized orchard with a yield of 1,500 kg per mu, the amount of organic fertilizer should not be less than 3,000 kg. The optimum period for applying the base fertilizer is autumn (1 month before the leaves), followed by the leaves until the freezing, and before the spring is thawed to the time of germination. The autumn base fertilizer can have sufficient time to fertilize and make the roots heal and send new roots. Therefore, it is the peak growth period of the roots. The roots have strong absorption capacity. After absorption, the storage nutrients of the trees can be improved, and the flower buds can be promoted. The development is enriched. The higher nutrient storage of the tree and the timely supply of nutrients in the early spring soil can meet the needs of spring germination, flowering and fruiting and new shoot growth. After defoliation and spring application of base fertilizer, the effect of fertilizer effect is late, and the effect on the growth and development of fruit trees in early spring is very small. When the fertilizer is widely absorbed and utilized, it often reaches the prosperous period of new shoots. In the orchard with dry and no water pouring conditions in the mountainous area, the base fertilizer cannot be immediately watered after application of the base fertilizer, so the base fertilizer can also be applied in the rainy season. But the organic fertilizer must be a fully decomposed sperm, the rate of fertilization should be fast, and pay attention not to damage the roots. When the organic fertilizer source is insufficient, on the one hand, straw weeds can be used as a supplement and organic fertilizer. On the other hand, the limited organic fertilizer should follow the principle of ensuring local and ensuring the concentrated distribution of roots. To give full play to the fertilizer effect of organic fertilizer. Concentrated hole application is to dig a depth of 50 cm from the edge of the canopy and a diameter of 30 cm to 40 cm. The number depends on the amount of fertilizer, and then mix the organic fertilizer with the soil 1:3 or add some straw. Fill in the hole and re-water. In addition, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, even zinc fertilizers and iron fertilizers, can be mixed with organic fertilizers to increase their utilization.
(2) Reasonable topdressing
1. Appropriate topdressing of nitrogen fertilizer: Nitrogen is the basis of fruit tree growth and results. Increasing nitrogen application within a certain limit can significantly improve the photosynthetic performance of leaves and increase tree potential and yield. However, exceeding the limit is likely to cause branches and leaves to grow, it is difficult to form flowers, and the quality of the fruit is reduced. Moreover, after a large amount of nitrogen application (usually after the fertilizer is filled with large water), the absorption capacity of the root system is limited, and the excess nutrients will be leached and lost, resulting in great waste of fertilizer, and even a large amount of application will cause fat damage. Therefore, while emphasizing the increased investment in the orchard, we must also consider the needs of the tree and the benefits of fertilization, and we must not blindly invest heavily. The appropriate amount of nitrogen fertilizer should be determined according to the fertility of the soil, the ability to retain fertilizer and the type of tree. Generally, the tree is 1 year to 2 years, and each plant can be used to recover 50 grams to 100 grams of urea, and 3 to 4 years of trees 150.克～200g, the tree that enters the result period after 5 years to 6 years, because it is now mostly densely planted with small crowns, more than 50 acres are planted, and the density varies greatly, so the size and load of individual trees The amount of fertilizer should not be calculated by a single plant. Generally, the fertilizer should not exceed 15 kg of urea per acre, and the amount of urea per acre per year is about 30 kg to 45 kg.
2. Nitrogen-recovering nitrogen: Under the condition of insufficient organic matter, the appropriate pick-up of nitrogen fertilizer can improve the photosynthetic performance of the leaves, thereby increasing the accumulation level of photosynthetic products in the tree and playing the role of “nitrogen-enriching carbonâ€. . The accumulation of photosynthetic products in turn promotes the growth of roots and enhances the absorption capacity of roots. The thin tree is thin and the flower buds are difficult to form, which are related to the carbon and nitrogen metabolism levels of the plants. Therefore, an appropriate increase in the amount of nitrogen fertilizer, nitrogen to increase carbon, nitrogen fertilizer open circuit is an effective measure to form a yield of thin orchard and strong trees. Different methods of nitrogen recovery in different soils are also different. In the spring, after 10 days to 15 days, the fertilizer starts to take effect. Generally, the summer is 5 days to 7 days, and the autumn is between the two. This is mainly related to the soil organic matter level and adsorption capacity. After 20 days of general topdressing (high temperature season), the fertilizer effect is not very significant. Low organic matter content, poor soil fertility, thin sand, nutrient leaching with water, the effective period of fertilizer is shorter, and soil denitrification is often caused during the rainy season from July to August. Therefore, the topdressing of the mountain sand should be applied in a small amount, so that the nutrient in the water can penetrate into the concentrated distribution layer of the root system. After the rainy season, a small amount of nitrogen fertilizer can be applied to compensate for the leaching loss. In soils with higher salinity, when the pH value is above 7.5, the available phosphorus content in the soil is generally low. The fruit trees are often difficult to form flowers due to the deficiency of phosphorus. Soil application or top dressing is indispensable for early fruit yield. The application of phosphate fertilizer in soil is easy to fix. Therefore, it is best to mix it with high-quality organic fertilizer rich in nutrients.
3. Because of the topdressing of the tree: After the roots of the fruit tree absorb nutrients, the nutrient distribution is limited by the nutrition center, that is, the nutrient is preferentially transported to the most metabolically active part, and further promotes the growth and development of this part. For example, when the new shoots are long, the fertilizers will enter the prosthetic parts of the new shoots, and further promote the prolongation. After the shoots are stopped, the central advantage of the prolonged parts is weakened or disappeared, and the difference in the nutrients entering the organs is reduced. The distribution is more balanced, and the weaker parts of the canopy (such as short branches) have a relatively larger auxiliary effect, which is conducive to the differentiation of buds. Therefore, the growth of the tree is different, the amount of flowers and fruits is different, and the purpose of fertilization is different. Therefore, the period of fertilization should not be the same, and the fertilization must be combined with the type of plant. Weakly growing trees, including “small old treesâ€, in order to strengthen the growth of branches and leaves, we should focus on the supply of nutrients when the new shoots are long, preferably before the germination, the early and long-term topdressing of the new shoots, the topdressing combined with irrigation, and promote new The shoot grows, making the weak branches stronger. Trees that grow vigorously and have little or no fruit, in order to alleviate the excessive growth of branches and leaves, promote the differentiation of shoots, should avoid the long-term, and after the new shoots stop long after the topdressing. Among them, the autumn shoots should be stopped for a long time (early August and early September), and the spring shoots should be stopped for a long time (upper and mid-June). When the spring shoots stop for a long time, when applying nitrogen fertilizer, pay attention to the water should not be too large, so as not to stimulate the early growth of the autumn shoots.
The type of fertilization should also be adjusted due to the tree structure. Practice has proved that nitrogen fertilizer helps the growth of branches and leaves, and weak nitrogen shoots use more nitrogen fertilizer. Phosphorus and potassium fertilizers have the effect of alleviating excessive growth, and it is advisable to increase the amount of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers and reduce the amount of nitrogen fertilizer. It is best to apply the top dressing to the tree tray, immediately slash it gently, mix the fertilizer, and then water it. When the tree is covered with grass, it can be applied directly to the grass and then washed down with water; or the corner of the grass can be sprinkled on the soil surface, then watered and washed, and then the grass can be covered.
(3) External fertilization
The topdressing of the roots of the fruit trees is to directly spray the fertilizer on the upper branches and leaves of the tree, which can make up for the lack of root absorption or as an emergency measure. The external spray fertilizer is not affected by factors such as the number of new roots and soil physical and chemical properties, and directly enters the branches and leaves, which is beneficial to change the nutrient status of the trees more quickly. Moreover, after topdressing, the distribution of nutrients is not restricted by the growth center, and the distribution is balanced, which is conducive to the relaxation of the tree and the promotion of the weak parts. In addition, the external top dressing is also commonly used for the correction of elemental deficiency factors such as zinc, iron, boron and the application of compound fertilizer. However, the external spray fertilizer can not replace the rhizosphere fertilizer. The two have their own characteristics and should complement each other.
After 10 to 15 days after root spray application, the response of the leaves to fertilizer elements is most obvious, and then gradually decreases, and disappears from the 25th to 30th days. Therefore, if you want to play a role in a critical period, during this period, Continuous spraying for 15 days. After harvesting in autumn, before defoliation and before germination in early spring, it is the two important periods of root-loading and spraying. Especially in the big year tree and early deciduous tree, due to the small number of new roots in autumn and early spring, the absorption of soil topdressing is limited. Therefore, spraying urea leaves in autumn can make up for the lack of storage nutrition and early spring root absorption. A series of growth and development in spring is very favorable, the flower organs are well developed, the fruit setting rate is high, and the short branches are thick and strong. In addition, the correction of elemental deficiency factors such as zinc and boron should also pay attention to the two key periods of autumn and early spring. The effect of these two stages of fertilizer correction is generally better than that of the growing season.
Source: Quality Fruit Information Network
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