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In recent years, due to the increasing level of health prevention and feeding management of pigs, the concept of breeding has also been greatly improved, and the theory of “cultivating weight in prevention and prevention in treatment†has been gradually recognized. Due to the troubles of the disease and the need for nutrition, the role of small peptides as a new type of veterinary drug in practical production applications is becoming more and more obvious.
The concept and classification of small peptides
A small peptide refers to a class of compounds containing two or three amino acid residues. According to the function performed, the small peptides are divided into two categories, namely, nutrient small peptides and functional small peptides. A nutritive small peptide is a small peptide that does not have a special physiological regulation function and provides a nitrogen frame only for protein synthesis; a functional small peptide refers to a small peptide involved in regulating certain physiological activities of animals or having certain special effects, such as immunity. Peptides, antimicrobial peptides, antioxidant peptides, epidermal growth factors, and the like.
The role of small peptides
Compared with the amino acid transport system, the small peptide has the characteristics of fast absorption, low energy consumption, high efficiency, and low carrier saturation. Small peptides can bind to specific receptors in the intestines, promote the growth and development of the gastrointestinal tract of animals, and improve the digestion and absorption function of the gastrointestinal tract. Some small peptides can be absorbed into the blood circulation system, regulate the body's immune function, and pass the growth axis. Regulate the growth of animals and give full play to the growth potential of animals.
Participate in the body's immune regulation, improve the body's immune function
Peptides produced by the degradation of proteins, especially lactoproteins, play an important role in the immune regulation of the body. The immunostimulatory peptide decomposed from the trypsin-chymotrypsin degradation product of casein can activate the phagocytic function of macrophages. The tripeptide or hexapeptide in the hydrolysis product of β-casein can promote the in vitro phagocytosis of intraperitoneal macrophages. In addition to casein, certain small peptides produced by the hydrolysis of lactoferrin and soy protease are also immunologically active. Bradykinin can promote the growth of macrophages, promote the transport of lymphocytes and the secretion of lymphokines, thereby improving the body's immune function.
Has opioid peptide activity, regulates the body's physiological function
Peptides are important active substances in the nervous system. Many studies have shown that proteins can be decomposed by digestive enzymes to produce small peptides with neurotransmitters. For example, the decomposition products of proteins such as β-casein and wheat grain protein can separate peptide fragments similar to the amino acid sequence of the opioid peptide. These peptide fragments can be completely absorbed into the circulatory system and exert physiological functions as neurotransmitters.
Has anti-oxidation effect
A typical small peptide of antioxidant activity is carnosine. Carnosine is a natural dipeptide present in the muscles of animals. It inhibits the oxidation of lipids catalyzed by iron, hemoglobin, lipid oxidase and monopeptide oxygen in vitro. It has also been used as a storage of cooked meat. A rancid inhibitor. Certain peptides and protein hydrolysates are known to reduce the rate of auto-oxidation and reduce the amount of fatty hydrogen peroxide to exert an antioxidant effect.
Promote the absorption and utilization of amino acids and the deposition of protein in the body
The role of small peptides in the metabolism of animal proteins is not only manifested in the absorption advantage, but also the release of feed protein peptides and their complete absorption into the circulation, may also affect the protein metabolism of tissues. Peptides that are absorbed into the circulatory system can be hydrolyzed to free amino acids as a nitrogen source for the synthesis of tissue proteins. In addition, there is a correlation between protein synthesis rate and arteriovenous amino acid difference. In the absorption state, the greater the difference, the higher the protein synthesis rate. Because the small peptide has a fast absorption rate and a high absorption peak, it can rapidly increase the difference of arteriovenous amino acids, thereby increasing the protein synthesis rate.
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